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                    <p><!-- Make sure you modify the 4Cast title in this section -->
                      <span style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: bold;
                        color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: arial;
                        line-height: 110%;">OPLIN 4cast #338: Real-time
                        traffic steering</span><br>
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                      <span style="font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal;
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                        font-family: arial;">June 12th, 2013</span></p>
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                    <p style="text-align: justify;font-size: 16px;
                      font-family: arial; line-height: 110%;"><img
                        alt="ship wheel"
                        src="cid:part4.04090803.02010006@oplin.org"
                        height="110" width="110" align="left">After
                      reading the title of this post, you might jump to
                      the conclusion that someone has finally created
                      technology to effectively control rush-hour
                      traffic. Sorry, but (so far as we know) that
                      hasn't happened yet. No, this post is about
                      continuously steering wireless Internet traffic
                      back and forth between Wi-Fi and cellular
                      networks. If things work out as expected, someday
                      we may no longer make any distinction between
                      cellular and Wi-Fi networks, but instead talk
                      about "heterogeneous networks" (HetNets). Nobody
                      seems to know what this will mean for current
                      Wi-Fi hotspots.
                    </p>
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                      <li style="text-align: justify; font-size: 16px;
                        font-family: arial; line-height: 110%;"><a
href="http://www.techhive.com/article/2040329/network-builders-tackling-cell-vs-wifi-choices.html">Real-time
                          traffic steering that moves cellular to Wi-Fi
                          networks in the works for mobile users</a>
                        (TechHive/Stephen Lawson) "Software now in the
                        works will use real-time knowledge about network
                        conditions to make lightning-fast decisions
                        about the best system for each user to be on at
                        a given moment. The idea is that just because
                        there's a Wi-Fi network nearby, doesn't
                        necessarily mean your smartphone should start
                        using it. If every subscriber near that hotspot
                        got switched over to it, the Wi-Fi experience
                        could suffer."</li>
                      <li style="text-align: justify; font-size: 16px;
                        font-family: arial; line-height: 110%;"><a
                          href="http://gigaom.com/2012/04/25/what-is-hetnet-ericsson-vestberg/">Interview:
                          Ericsson CEO on the rise of the HetNet</a>
                        (GigaOM/Kevin Fitchard) "HetNets have three
                        major components. The first is an umbrella - or
                        macro - network designed to provide ubiquitous
                        mobile broadband coverage. The second is a dense
                        network of small cells that supply enormous
                        quantities of bandwidth in the high-traffic
                        areas its most needed. The final component is a
                        network intelligence that ties those networks
                        together."</li>
                      <li style="text-align: justify; font-size: 16px;
                        font-family: arial; line-height: 110%;"><a
href="http://www.fiercebroadbandwireless.com/story/ericsson-nsn-focus-spotlight-wi-fi-traffic-steering/2013-05-22">Ericsson,
                          NSN focus spotlight on Wi-Fi traffic steering</a>
                        (FierceWireless/Tammy Parker) "The company said
                        its real-time traffic steering feature is a
                        software upgrade that constantly assesses key
                        performance indicators in both the mobile 3GPP
                        network and the Wi-Fi network before shifting a
                        user's smartphone connection between networks."</li>
                      <li style="text-align: justify; font-size: 16px;
                        font-family: arial; line-height: 110%;"><a
href="http://www.eweek.com/networking/nokia-siemens-ericsson-look-to-ease-wifi-offloading-of-mobile-traffic/">Nokia
                          Siemens, Ericsson look to ease WiFi offloading
                          of mobile traffic</a> (eWeek/Jeffrey Burt)
                        "The goal is to create better heterogeneous
                        wireless networks that give users a consistent
                        experience as they seamlessly shift from 3G and
                        4G networks to WiFi. Mobile devices often will
                        shift from broadband to WiFi when an authorized
                        hotspot is available, which helps lessen the
                        amount of traffic on already congested broadband
                        networks and lowers the costs for mobile device
                        users."</li>
                    </ul>
                    <div style="text-align: left;"> </div>
                    <p style="text-align: left; font-size: 20px;
                      font-family: arial; line-height: 110%;"><small><strong><em>Cost
                            fact:</em></strong></small><br>
                    </p>
                    <div style="text-align: justify; font-size: 16px;
                      font-family: arial; line-height: 110%;">Cellular
                      carriers (AT&T, Verizon, etc.) already operate
                      their own Wi-Fi hotspots in congested areas and
                      simply "<a
href="http://www.fiercewireless.com/story/wi-fi-offloading-morphs-integration-operators-strive-more-control/2013-05-22">offload</a>"
                      some cellular traffic to Wi-Fi, because the cost
                      of operating Wi-Fi hotspots can be less than half
                      the cost of cellular access points.
                    </div>
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