[OPLINLIST] FW: AccessScience News - March 2004
Don Yarman
yarmando@oplin.org
Thu, 25 Mar 2004 08:27:23 -0500
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McGraw-Hill | AccessScience News
Online Edition
Volume 5 · Issue 3 · March
24, 2004
IN THIS ISSUE
· Welcome
· New & Noteworthy
· New Articles
· Upcoming Articles
· Free Trials
· Subscribe to Newsletter
Welcome to AccessScience News!
AccessScience News,
based on the McGraw-Hill
Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology Online, is a free
monthly citation of current science
updates available on AccessScience.
Our goal is to keep you abreast of
the newest content and features of
AccessScience.
a.. As noted in the
February 26th "Extra Edition" of
AccessScience News, an animated
introduction to AccessScience is
now available; just click on the
"Tutorial" link near the top of the
home page to start it in a new
browser window. (The free Flash™
Player is required.) After a brief
welcome message, the user has the
option to view the entire tutorial
or to select from a menu of brief
segments describing the features of
AccessScience, such as topics
covered, Encyclopedia articles, the
Dictionary, Search, or Biographies.
A user guide is also available
providing more details about these
features. The accompanying sound
track can be turned off, if
necessary, using the "Audio off"
button.
b.. Look for an "Image of
the week" on the home page. Right
now, we're showing one of only
three close-up images of a comet
available, this one taken by NASA's
Stardust spacecraft during a fly-by
of Comet Wild 2. This remarkable
image of the core of the 5 km (3.0
mi) wide comet shows a unique
rocky, jagged terrain, craters, and
ice. The image is linked to
articles for background reading.
a.. Electric power
substation design, by Anne-Marie
Sahazizian, Hydro One Inc.,
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electric
power systems involve the
generation, transmission, and
distribution of electric energy.
During transmission, voltage levels
need to be transformed, and it is
at substations, nodes in the power
system, that this transformation
takes place. This article reviews
design considerations, safety and
security; environmental aspects,
construction; control and
operation, technical developments
and trends; and environmental
trends.
b.. RNA interference, by
Yair Dorsett and Dr. Thomas Tuschl,
Laboratory of RNA Molecular
Biology, The Rockefeller
University, New York. RNA
interference (RNAi) is currently
one of the hottest topics in
molecular biology. It provides a
new method to investigate gene
function that in many cases is
simpler than the classic
approaches. Moreover, investigators
can employ this to target and
silence specific genes, which has
important implications for
potential therapeutic applications.
This article discusses general
mechanisms, components of the
RNA-induced silencing complex
(RISC); amplification and systemic
spread of RNA, microRNAs;
transcriptional gene
silencing/chromatin modification,
and applications. An extensive
overview diagram complements the
text.
c.. Biodegradation of
pollutants, by Juan Luis Ramos,
Dietmar Böltner, and Pieter van
Dillewijn, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Cientifícas,
Estación Experimental del Zaidín,
Granada, Spain. Great numbers of
new chemicals have been synthesized
over the decades, some of which
have found their way into the
biosphere. Since natural organisms
may have no innate ability to
metabolize these chemicals, the
ability of ecosystems to deal with
them may be limited. There is
therefore increased interest in how
these compounds can be degraded,
and specifically how microorganisms
can be induced for this purpose.
This article focuses on novel
approaches to biodegradation,
specifically in the case of the
most widely used synthetic
nitroaromatic compound - TNT - and
an extensively used insecticide.
d.. Inkjet printing, by Rob
Beeson, Hewlett Packard Co.,
Corvallis, Oregon. Inkjet printing
is now one of the most popular
technologies for hardcopy imaging
of computer output. This article
provides an overview of modern
inkjet printing technology
including descriptions of the
various printhead designs in use.
a.. Biofuel cells, by Prof.
Eugenii Katz, Department of Organic
Chemistry, The Hebrew University of
Jerusalem, Israel. Biofuel cells
produce electrical energy from
organic materials using
electrochemical processes catalyzed
by enzymes or whole microbial
cells. Abundant organic raw
materials can be used as substrates
for the oxidation process. This
article provides an overview of the
principles of operation of biofuel
cells, both microbial and
enzyme-base reactors, and discusses
the outlook for applications, for
example powering portable
electronic devices or even in
implantable devices.
b.. Molecular modeling, by
Dr. Curt M. Breneman and N.
Sukumar, Department of Chemistry,
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute,
Troy, New York. The authors state
that in modern academic and
industrial laboratories, molecular
modeling spans every aspect of
chemistry, molecular biology,
chemical engineering, and materials
science. With the aid of colorful
diagrams and examples, they explain
the general principles of molecular
modeling and recent advances.
c.. Atomic Fermi gases, by
Prof. Randall G. Hulet, Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice
University, Houston, Texas. Bosons
and fermions are the two classes of
atomic particles. Much progress had
been made in studying bosons as a
result of techniques now available
for cooling atoms to ultralow
temperatures, but the study of
ultracold fermions has lagged, not
because of lack of interest
(fermions are especially
significant because they comprise
the fundamental building blocks of
matter; protons, neutrons, and
electrons are all fermions ) but
because they are experimentally
more difficult to cool.
Considerable progress has been made
recently, however, which may help
clarify many issues in
condensed-matter physics, including
the mechanisms at work in
high-temperature superconductors.
This article reviews this field,
covering such topics as the
behavior of bosons and fermions and
cooling methods.
Recently Published Q & A
a.. What are endocrine
receptors and endocrine disruptors?
Response by Bruce A. Stanley, Ph.D.
Director, Scientific
Programs, Section of Research
Resources, Penn State College of
Medicine.
b.. Why can't you put metal
objects into Microwave ovens?
Response by Dinesh Agrawal,
Professor of Materials, Director of
Microwave Processing and
Engineering Center, The
Pennsylvania State University.
c.. What is the difference
between weathering and erosion?
Response by Stephen A. Nelson,
Ph.D.,
Associate Professor/Chair,
Department of Earth & Environmental
Sciences, Tulane University.
Upcoming Q & A
a.. How does a stroke or closed
head injury directly affect your
personality? Response by Dr. Lydia
Chwastiak, Department of
Psychiatry, Yale University and of
Yale New Haven Psychiatric
Hospital.
b.. Did the contemporaries of
Christopher Columbus believe the
Earth was flat? Response by Owen
Gingerich, senior astronomer
emeritus at the Smithsonian
Astrophysical Observatory and
Research Professor of Astronomy and
the History of Science, Harvard
University.
c.. Technologically, is it
possible to make a conscious robot?
Will such a robot ever be possible
(for example, with molecular
electronics)? Response by Professor
William Banks, Chairperson,
Department of Psychology, Pomona
College, Claremont, California.
a.. Counterterrorism
b.. Dance language of bees
c.. Extreme-ultraviolet
lithography
d.. Fuel cells
e.. Geologic mapping
f.. Nanoprint lithography
g.. Pluto
h.. Space flight
i.. Tree of Life
j.. West Nile virus
(equine)
Back to Top
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color=3D#808080><B>Welcome to AccessScience =
News!</B><BR>AccessScience=20
News, based on the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and=20
Technology Online, is a free monthly citation of current =
science=20
updates available on AccessScience. Our goal is to keep you =
abreast=20
of the newest content and features of=20
AccessScience.</FONT></FONT></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><!-- end =
CITATION BLURB --></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><BR=20
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<P> <!-------------------------- begin MAIN CONTENT =
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<TD align=3Dright width=3D"100%"=20
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<TR>
<TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft><BR>
<UL>
<LI><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct>As noted in the February 26th =
"Extra=20
Edition" of AccessScience News, an animated introduction to=20
AccessScience is now available; just click on the "Tutorial" =
link near=20
the top of the <A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS">home=
=20
page</A> to start it in a new browser window. (The free Flash=99 =
Player is=20
required.) After a brief welcome message, the user has the =
option to=20
view the entire tutorial or to select from a menu of brief =
segments=20
describing the features of AccessScience, such as topics =
covered,=20
Encyclopedia articles, the Dictionary, Search, or Biographies. A =
user=20
guide is also available providing more details about these =
features. The=20
accompanying sound track can be turned off, if necessary, using =
the=20
"Audio off" button.</FONT><BR><BR>
<LI><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct>Look for an "<A=20
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/Newsletter/ImageWeek.html"=20
target=3Dnew>Image of the week</A>" on the home page. Right now, =
we're=20
showing one of only three close-up images of a comet available, =
this one=20
taken by NASA's Stardust spacecraft during a fly-by of Comet =
Wild 2.=20
This remarkable image of the core of the 5 km (3.0 mi) wide =
comet shows=20
a unique rocky, jagged terrain, craters, and ice. The image is =
linked to=20
articles for background reading. =
</FONT></LI></UL></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P> <!-- end NEW AND NOTEWORTHY --><!-- begin NEW ARTICLES --></P>
<TABLE cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 width=3D"100%" bgColor=3D#ffffff =
border=3D0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD align=3Dright width=3D"100%"=20
=
background=3Dhttp://www.accessscience.com/Newsletter/images/redrule.gif=20
colSpan=3D3 height=3D19><A name=3DNEWARTICLES><IMG height=3D20 =
alt=3D"New Articles"=20
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src=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/Newsletter/images/label-newarticles.g=
if"=20
width=3D102 align=3Dleft border=3D0 NOSEND=3D"1"></A></TD></TR>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft height=3D698><BR>
<UL>
<LI><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS/ResUp=
dates/2004/YB_041160_frameset.html">Electric=20
power substation design</A>, by Anne-Marie Sahazizian, Hydro One =
Inc.,=20
Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electric power systems involve the =
generation,=20
transmission, and distribution of electric energy. During =
transmission,=20
voltage levels need to be transformed, and it is at substations, =
nodes=20
in the power system, that this transformation takes place. This =
article=20
reviews design considerations, safety and security; =
environmental=20
aspects, construction; control and operation, technical =
developments and=20
trends; and environmental trends.</FONT><BR><BR>
<LI class=3Dfeaturedproduct><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS//ResU=
pdates/2004/YB_040270_frameset.html">RNA=20
interference</A>,</FONT> by Yair Dorsett and Dr. Thomas Tuschl,=20
Laboratory of RNA Molecular Biology, The Rockefeller University, =
New=20
York. RNA interference (RNAi) is currently one of the hottest =
topics in=20
molecular biology. It provides a new method to investigate gene =
function=20
that in many cases is simpler than the classic approaches. =
Moreover,=20
investigators can employ this to target and silence specific =
genes,=20
which has important implications for potential therapeutic =
applications.=20
This article discusses general mechanisms, components of the =
RNA-induced=20
silencing complex (RISC); amplification and systemic spread of =
RNA,=20
microRNAs; transcriptional gene silencing/chromatin =
modification, and=20
applications. An extensive overview diagram complements the=20
text.<BR><BR>
<LI class=3Dfeaturedproduct><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS//ResU=
pdates/2004/YB_040960_frameset.html">Biodegradation=20
of pollutants</A>, </FONT>by Juan Luis Ramos, Dietmar B=F6ltner, =
and=20
Pieter van Dillewijn, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones =
Cientif=EDcas,=20
Estaci=F3n Experimental del Zaid=EDn, Granada, Spain. Great =
numbers of new=20
chemicals have been synthesized over the decades, some of which =
have=20
found their way into the biosphere. Since natural organisms may =
have no=20
innate ability to metabolize these chemicals, the ability of =
ecosystems=20
to deal with them may be limited. There is therefore increased =
interest=20
in how these compounds can be degraded, and specifically how=20
microorganisms can be induced for this purpose. This article =
focuses on=20
novel approaches to biodegradation, specifically in the case of =
the most=20
widely used synthetic nitroaromatic compound - TNT - and an =
extensively=20
used insecticide.<BR><BR>
<LI class=3Dfeaturedproduct><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS//ResU=
pdates/2004/YB_040850_frameset.html">Inkjet=20
printing</A>, </FONT>by Rob Beeson, Hewlett Packard Co., =
Corvallis,=20
Oregon. Inkjet printing is now one of the most popular =
technologies for=20
hardcopy imaging of computer output. This article provides an =
overview=20
of modern inkjet printing technology including descriptions of =
the=20
various printhead designs in use.<BR></LI></UL>
<UL>
<LI class=3Dfeaturedproduct><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS/ResUp=
dates/2004/YB_041085_frameset.html">Biofuel=20
cells</A></FONT>, by Prof. Eugenii Katz, Department of Organic=20
Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. Biofuel =
cells=20
produce electrical energy from organic materials using =
electrochemical=20
processes catalyzed by enzymes or whole microbial cells. =
Abundant=20
organic raw materials can be used as substrates for the =
oxidation=20
process. This article provides an overview of the principles of=20
operation of biofuel cells, both microbial and enzyme-base =
reactors, and=20
discusses the outlook for applications, for example powering =
portable=20
electronic devices or even in implantable devices.<BR><BR>
<LI class=3Dfeaturedproduct><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS/ResUp=
dates/2004/YB_041095_frameset.html">Molecular=20
modeling</A></FONT>, by Dr. Curt M. Breneman and N. Sukumar, =
Department=20
of Chemistry, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. =
The=20
authors state that in modern academic and industrial =
laboratories,=20
molecular modeling spans every aspect of chemistry, molecular =
biology,=20
chemical engineering, and materials science. With the aid of =
colorful=20
diagrams and examples, they explain the general principles of =
molecular=20
modeling and recent advances.<BR><BR>
<LI class=3Dfeaturedproduct><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS/ResUp=
dates/2004/YB_040560_frameset.html">Atomic=20
Fermi gases</A></FONT>, by Prof. Randall G. Hulet, Department of =
Physics=20
and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas. Bosons and =
fermions are=20
the two classes of atomic particles. Much progress had been made =
in=20
studying bosons as a result of techniques now available for =
cooling=20
atoms to ultralow temperatures, but the study of ultracold =
fermions has=20
lagged, not because of lack of interest (fermions are especially =
significant because they comprise the fundamental building =
blocks of=20
matter; protons, neutrons, and electrons are all fermions ) but =
because=20
they are experimentally more difficult to cool. Considerable =
progress=20
has been made recently, however, which may help clarify many =
issues in=20
condensed-matter physics, including the mechanisms at work in=20
high-temperature superconductors. This article reviews this =
field,=20
covering such topics as the behavior of bosons and fermions and =
cooling=20
methods. </LI></UL></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE><B>Recently =
Published Q &=20
A</B><BR><BR>
<TABLE cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 width=3D"100%" bgColor=3D#ffffff =
border=3D0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD vAlign=3Dtop align=3Dleft>
<UL>
<LI><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS//QA/4=
4/4398.html"=20
target=3Dnew>What are endocrine receptors and endocrine =
disruptors?</A>=20
Response by Bruce A. Stanley, Ph.D.<BR>Director, Scientific =
Programs,=20
Section of Research Resources, Penn State College of =
Medicine.</FONT>=20
<LI><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS//QA/4=
5/4418.html"=20
target=3Dnew>Why can't you put metal objects into Microwave =
ovens?</A>=20
Response by Dinesh Agrawal, Professor of Materials, Director of=20
Microwave Processing and Engineering Center, The Pennsylvania =
State=20
University.</FONT>=20
<LI><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><A=20
=
href=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/server-java/Arknoid/science/AS//QA/4=
5/4438.html"=20
target=3Dnew>What is the difference between weathering and =
erosion?</A>=20
Response by Stephen A. Nelson, Ph.D., <BR>Associate =
Professor/Chair,=20
Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Tulane=20
University.</FONT><BR></LI></UL></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>
<P><B>Upcoming Q & A</B></P>
<UL>
<LI><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><B>How does a stroke or closed head =
injury=20
directly affect your personality?</B> Response by Dr. Lydia Chwastiak, =
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University and of Yale New Haven =
Psychiatric=20
Hospital. </FONT>
<LI><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><B>Did the contemporaries of =
Christopher=20
Columbus believe the Earth was flat?</B> Response by Owen Gingerich, =
senior=20
astronomer emeritus at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and =
Research=20
Professor of Astronomy and the History of Science, Harvard =
University.</FONT>=20
<LI><FONT class=3DfeaturedProduct><FONT=20
class=3DfeaturedProduct><B>Technologically, is it possible to make a =
conscious=20
robot? Will such a robot ever be possible (for example, with molecular =
electronics)?</B> Response by Professor William Banks, Chairperson, =
Department=20
of Psychology, Pomona College, Claremont, California.=20
</FONT></FONT></LI></UL><BR clear=3Dall><!-- end NEW ARTICLES --><!-- =
begin UPCOMING TOPICS -->
<TABLE cellSpacing=3D0 cellPadding=3D0 width=3D"100%" bgColor=3D#ffffff =
border=3D0>
<TBODY>
<TR>
<TD align=3Dright width=3D"100%"=20
=
background=3Dhttp://www.accessscience.com/Newsletter/images/redrule.gif=20
colSpan=3D3><A name=3DUPCOMINGTOPICS><IMG height=3D20 =
alt=3D"Upcoming Topics"=20
=
src=3D"http://www.accessscience.com/Newsletter/images/label-upcoming.gif"=
=20
width=3D141 align=3Dleft border=3D0 NOSEND=3D"1"></A></TD></TR>
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